Byungha Shin, Yu Zhu, et al.
PVSC 2012
It is well-known that sodium improves the performance of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) devices, yet the mechanism of the enhancement is still not fully understood. This work aims to present a unified account of the relationships between grain boundaries in CZTS, sodium content at these boundaries, non-radiative recombination, and surfactant effects that produce large microstructural changes. Using temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements, it is demonstrated that samples containing dramatically different grain sizes display identical radiative and non-radiative decay characteristics when sufficient sodium is present in the film. It is also shown that the sodium concentration needed to efficiently passivate non-radiative defects is significantly less that the quantity needed to obtain micrometer-sized CZTS grains. Finally, the high densities of donor-acceptor pairs that are observed in CZTS films appear to reside within the grains themselves, rather than at grain boundaries.
Byungha Shin, Yu Zhu, et al.
PVSC 2012
Yun Seog Lee, Talia S. Gershon, et al.
Advanced Energy Materials
Oki Gunawan, Seong Ryul Pae, et al.
Nature
Supratik Guha, Vijay Narayanan, et al.
Advanced Gate Stack, Source/Drain, and Channel Engineering for Si-Based CMOS 2006